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肠道菌群是定植在人体内复杂而庞大的微生物群落,成人肠道中有多达上千种的细菌,基因数超过人类100多倍[1]。在已确定的细菌门类中,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门占95%以上,很大程度上影响着整个菌群的功能[2]。在漫长的生物共演化过程中,这些肠道菌群与人体形成了相互依存的共生关系。肠道菌群及其代谢产物具有协助消化吸收食物、合成维生素和能量、保护肠道黏膜屏障等功能,在参与人体重要代谢、抵御外来致病菌侵袭以及调节免疫机制等方面发挥重要作用[3]。多项研究表明,大量慢性疾病的发生与体内肠道菌群结构的改变有关,包括炎性肠病、代谢性疾病、肥胖或营养不良、神经系统疾病和心血管疾病等[4-5]。
成骨细胞和破骨细胞参与骨形成和吸收的过程称为骨代谢,成人的骨代谢活动处于动态平衡状态,一旦因各种原因导致骨吸收与骨形成失衡,就会引起局部或整体骨代谢异常,引发骨质疏松症、关节病、类风湿等一系列骨代谢疾病[6]。其中,骨质疏松症是由多种原因引起,以骨量降低、骨组织微结构损坏为特征,导致骨脆性增加、骨折风险增高的常见全身性骨代谢疾病。近年来,肠道菌群调控骨代谢的研究受到广泛关注,已有较多研究发现肠道菌群与骨量减少及骨质疏松症的发病关系密切[4],肠道中的微生物可通过影响营养吸收、产生代谢产物、调控宿主内分泌及免疫系统等途径影响骨代谢。中药具有多成分、多靶点的作用机制,目前中药干预肠道菌群调控骨代谢研究亦有较多报道。本文将对肠道菌群影响骨代谢机制及中药经此途径调控骨代谢相关研究进展进行综述。
Review of bone metabolism regulated by intestinal flora and the application of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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摘要: 肠道菌群是定植在人体内复杂而庞大的微生物群落,肠道菌群及其代谢物短链脂肪酸在参与人体代谢、抵御外来致病菌以及调节免疫机制等方面发挥重要作用。近年来,不少研究发现肠道菌群与骨骼代谢密切相关。肠道菌群可通过营养吸收、短链脂肪酸生成、调节机体免疫、影响机体代谢等多种途径调控骨代谢,影响骨量变化。本文综述了肠道菌群影响骨代谢中骨量变化的潜在途径及作用机制,以及中药干预肠道菌群调控骨代谢的相关进展,以期为骨代谢相关疾病骨质疏松症的防治提供新思路。Abstract: As a complex and large microbial community colonized in the human body, the intestinal flora and its metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play an important role in participating in human metabolism, resisting pathogens, and regulating immune mechanisms. In recent years, many studies have found that the intestinal flora is closely related to bone metabolism. The intestinal flora is able to regulate bone metabolism and affect bone mass changes through various pathways such as absorption of nutrition, generation of SCFAs, regulation of immunity, and influence on body metabolism. The potential pathways and mechanisms by which intestinal flora affect bone mass changes were reviewed in this article in bone metabolism. The related study on Traditional Chinese Medicine that has effects in balancing intestinal flora for regulating bone metabolism was also introduced in order to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, a disease related to bone metabolism.
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Key words:
- intestinal flora /
- SCFAs /
- bone metabolism /
- osteoporosis
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