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Volume 39 Issue 2
Mar.  2021
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LIU Ting, CAO Zhongqiang, ZHAN Min, ZHANG Zhou, WU Yue, LI Xuejuan, CHEN Zebin. Treatment analysis and pharmaceutical care for one child with bacterial meningitis[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(2): 174-177. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202012022
Citation: LIU Ting, CAO Zhongqiang, ZHAN Min, ZHANG Zhou, WU Yue, LI Xuejuan, CHEN Zebin. Treatment analysis and pharmaceutical care for one child with bacterial meningitis[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(2): 174-177. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202012022

Treatment analysis and pharmaceutical care for one child with bacterial meningitis

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202012022
  • Received Date: 2020-12-22
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-03-07
  • Available Online: 2021-03-31
  • Publish Date: 2021-03-25
  •   Objective  To explore the strategies of drug treatment and pharmaceutical care for children with bacterial meningitis.  Methods  The anti-infective therapy, therapeutic drug monitoring and dose adjustment of vancomycin in children with bacterial meningitis were analyzed and discussed according to relevant guidelines and literatures.  Results  Clinical pharmacists analyzed therapeutic regimen. According to the results of etiology and drug sensitivity, meropenem was discontinued and rifampicin was added. Based on drug monitoring of vancomycin, it is suggested to extend the infusion time of vancomycin to reach the target concentration. The child was discharged from hospital.  Conclusion  Recommendations of the relevant drug treatment guidelines and the latest medical research evidence should be provided by clinical pharmacists in order to promote reasonable and effective clinical uses of medicine.
  • [1] LUCAS M J, BROUWER M C, VAN DE BEEK D. Neurological sequelae of bacterial meningitis[J]. J Infect,2016,73(1):18-27. doi:  10.1016/j.jinf.2016.04.009
    [2] 国家卫生计生委医政医管局, 国家卫生计生委合理用药专家委员会. 国家抗微生物治疗指南[M]. 2版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2017.
    [3] BLASSMANN U, ROEHR A C, FREY O R, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of meropenem in neurocritical care patients with proven or suspected ventriculitis: a prospective observational study[J]. Crit Care,2016,20(1):343. doi:  10.1186/s13054-016-1523-y
    [4] AUTMIZGUINE J, MORAN C, GONZALEZ D, et al. Vancomycin cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics in children with cerebral ventricular shunt infections[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J,2014,33(10):e270-e272. doi:  10.1097/INF.0000000000000385
    [5] TUNKEL A R, HASBUN R, BHIMRAJ A, et al. 2017 infectious diseases society of America's clinical practice guidelines for healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis[J]. Clin Infect Dis,2017,64(6):e34-e65. doi:  10.1093/cid/ciw861
    [6] 戴维·吉尔伯特. 桑福德抗微生物治疗指南[M]. 北京: 中国协和医科大学出版社, 2019.
    [7] 黄亮, 罗蓉. 儿童细菌性脑膜炎抗生素的规范治疗[J]. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2019, 34(12):898-902.
    [8] 何志超, 伍俊妍, 邱凯锋. 万古霉素个体化给药临床药师指引[J]. 今日药学, 2015, 25(2):78-82.
    [9] LE SAUX N, CANADIAN PAEDIATRIC SOCIETY, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND IMMUNIZATION COMMITTEE. Guidelines for the management of suspected and confirmed bacterial meningitis in Canadian children older than one month of age[J]. Paediatr Child Health,2014,19(3):141-152. doi:  10.1093/pch/19.3.141
    [10] CHU Y, LUO Y F, QUAN X W, et al. Intermittent vs. continuous vancomycin infusion for gram-positive infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Infect Public Health,2020,13(4):591-597. doi:  10.1016/j.jiph.2019.09.001
    [11] 刘露, 吴知桂, 范清泽, 等. 万古霉素持续输注与间歇输注有效性与安全性比较的Meta分析[J]. 中国药房, 2020, 31(22):2774-2780.
    [12] LEE C Y, HUANG C H, LU P L, et al. Role of rifampin for the treatment of bacterial infections other than mycobacteriosis[J]. J Infect,2017,75(5):395-408. doi:  10.1016/j.jinf.2017.08.013
    [13] 万古霉素临床应用剂量专家组. 万古霉素临床应用剂量中国专家共识[J]. 中华传染病杂志, 2012, 30(11):641-646.
    [14] NAU R, SÖRGEL F, EIFFERT H. Penetration of drugs through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid/blood-brain barrier for treatment of central nervous system infections[J]. Clin Microbiol Rev,2010,23(4):858-883. doi:  10.1128/CMR.00007-10
    [15] VAN DE BEEK D, CABELLOS C, DZUPOVA O, et al. ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis[J]. Clin Microbiol Infect,2016,22(Suppl 3):S37-S62.
    [16] CATALDO M A, TACCONELLI E, GRILLI E, et al. Continuous versus intermittent infusion of vancomycin for the treatment of Gram-positive infections: systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Antimicrob Chemother,2012,67(1):17-24. doi:  10.1093/jac/dkr442
    [17] HE N, SU S, YE Z K, et al. Evidence-based guideline for therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin: 2020 update by the division of therapeutic drug monitoring, Chinese pharmacological society[J]. Clin Infect Dis,2020,71(Suppl_4):S363-S371.
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Treatment analysis and pharmaceutical care for one child with bacterial meningitis

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202012022

Abstract:   Objective  To explore the strategies of drug treatment and pharmaceutical care for children with bacterial meningitis.  Methods  The anti-infective therapy, therapeutic drug monitoring and dose adjustment of vancomycin in children with bacterial meningitis were analyzed and discussed according to relevant guidelines and literatures.  Results  Clinical pharmacists analyzed therapeutic regimen. According to the results of etiology and drug sensitivity, meropenem was discontinued and rifampicin was added. Based on drug monitoring of vancomycin, it is suggested to extend the infusion time of vancomycin to reach the target concentration. The child was discharged from hospital.  Conclusion  Recommendations of the relevant drug treatment guidelines and the latest medical research evidence should be provided by clinical pharmacists in order to promote reasonable and effective clinical uses of medicine.

LIU Ting, CAO Zhongqiang, ZHAN Min, ZHANG Zhou, WU Yue, LI Xuejuan, CHEN Zebin. Treatment analysis and pharmaceutical care for one child with bacterial meningitis[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(2): 174-177. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202012022
Citation: LIU Ting, CAO Zhongqiang, ZHAN Min, ZHANG Zhou, WU Yue, LI Xuejuan, CHEN Zebin. Treatment analysis and pharmaceutical care for one child with bacterial meningitis[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(2): 174-177. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202012022
  • 细菌性脑膜炎是儿童时期常见的中枢神经系统急性感染性疾病,其病情重、进展快,病死率较高,即使治愈后常伴有不同程度的神经系统后遗症[1]。其最常见的病原菌是脑膜炎球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌等。有效的抗菌药物治疗是细菌性脑膜炎治疗成功的关键,结合最新指南建议,规范临床用药,为患儿提供个体化治疗是临床药师关注的重点。本文通过对1例细菌性脑膜炎的个体化抗感染,对其药物治疗进行分析,为此类疾病的诊断和治疗提供参考。

  • 患儿,女,13岁11个月,40 kg,主诉:因挤压鼻根部“青春痘”出现颜面部疼痛2 d,加重伴意识障碍1 d。入院前1 d疼痛加剧,双眼肿胀,伴低热,就诊于当地医院,予甘露醇、美罗培南联合万古霉素静脉滴注抗感染。治疗后,患儿仍烦躁不安,意识障碍进行性加重,遂以“颅内感染”收住我院。入院当天出现呼吸加快,伴高热,热峰39.6 ℃,逐渐出现意识不清。外院血常规:白细胞(WBC)25.4×109/L,中性粒细胞比例90.7%;血培养:革兰阳性球菌。入院查体:T 38.2 ℃,浅昏迷状态。面额部红肿,双眼睑张力高,双侧瞳孔不等,对光反射欠灵敏。颈强直,呼吸26次/min,双肺呼吸音粗,心率126次/min,心音有力,律齐。入院诊断:急性细菌性脑膜炎?

  • 患儿于8月12日入院,有发热伴意识障碍,Glassgow评分6分,结合临床症状、体征及实验室检查结果,考虑细菌性脑膜炎,予美罗培南联合万古霉素治疗。D 4结合血培养结果及万古霉素药物浓度,药师建议更换药物为苯唑西林或调整给药剂量。D7反复低热,根据脑脊液病原高通量基因检测和鼻部脓肿培养结果加用利福平;D10万古霉素仍低于10 μg/ml,建议延长输注时间或调整剂量。D14病情有所好转,继续治疗。D18患儿病情稳定予以出院。住院期间重要的临床信息和治疗经过见图1

  • 该患儿外院予美罗培南联合万古霉素治疗,可覆盖大多数病原菌,故继续使用两药治疗。对此药师分析:细菌性脑膜炎抗菌药物治疗的一般原则:①有效的杀菌作用。青霉素、美罗培南、万古霉素等对其常见致病菌如肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、脑膜炎球菌等病原菌均有活性[2]。②穿透血脑屏障,能在脑脊液中达到足够的浓度。美罗培南能很好地进入脑脊液中达到有效浓度;万古霉素用于治疗脑膜炎时,在脑脊液中浓度可达9.13 mg/L[3-4]。美国传染病协会细菌性脑膜炎临床指南(IDSA)和《桑福德微生物治疗指南》第48版[5-6]均推荐美罗培南联合万古霉素用于细菌性脑膜炎的治疗。该患儿以美罗培南联合万古霉素为初始治疗是符合上述治疗指南的。

  • 患儿血培养及药敏结果为金黄色葡萄球菌感染,对青霉素G耐药;对万古霉素、苯唑西林及利福平敏感(MIC值均≤0.5)。遵照儿童细菌性脑膜炎抗生素治疗规范及IDSA临床指南,对于金黄色葡萄球菌感染的脑膜炎,以苯唑西林为标准治疗,备选万古霉素[6-7]。故药师建议停用美罗培南,并将万古霉素改为苯唑西林,医师接受该建议,但苯唑西林未纳入我院常规药物目录,而临时采购可行性欠佳,故继续使用万古霉素。D7患儿仍反复低热,此外,鼻部脓肿培养及药敏结果为对甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌,对利福平敏感(MIC值≤0.5)。脑脊液病原高通量基因检测提示:金黄色葡萄球菌。结合上述检查结果,建议加用利福平。

  • 由于万古霉素的治疗剂量与中毒剂量相近,个体差异较大,需监测万古霉素的血药浓度,及时调整剂量,实现个体化给药,避免不良反应的发生。本例患儿万古霉素初始给药:15 mg/kg q6 h。根据万古霉素个体化临床药师指引和加拿大儿科学会(CPS)超过1月疑似和确诊细菌性脑膜炎儿童患者的管理指南,万古霉素目标谷浓度为10~15 μg/ml[8-9]。D4患儿万古霉素血药谷浓度为34 μg/ml,谷浓度偏高,经验性将其剂量减为10 mg/kg q6 h。复测其谷浓度为8.9 μg/ml,低于10 μg/ml。虽然此时患儿发热间隔明显延长,但考虑低浓度易诱导耐药菌产生,建议复测万古霉素浓度,复测结果为9.1 μg/ml,仍偏低,建议增加单次给药剂量或延长输注时间,以提高谷浓度[10-11],但该建议未被采纳。

  • 细菌性脑膜炎是儿童常见中枢神经系统感染,1月龄以上儿童常见致病菌为肺炎链球菌、脑膜炎球菌,而流感嗜血杆菌非常少见,李斯特菌罕见于青少年[6]。各指南[2, 5-6]推荐经验性治疗:首选头孢曲松联合万古霉素,备选:美罗培南联合万古霉素。患儿入院后考虑细菌性脑膜炎,经验性选择美罗培南联合万古霉素,初始治疗选择合理。血培养及脑脊液病原高通量基因检测结果示:金黄色葡萄球菌(青霉素G耐药)。文献报道金黄色葡萄球菌脑膜炎发生率逐渐上升,尤其是耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌引起的脑膜炎[12]。金黄色葡萄球菌感染的脑膜炎治疗推荐:以苯唑西林为标准治疗,备选万古霉素;青霉素过敏者可选用万古霉素联合利福平[7,13]。D7患儿病情虽然有所好转,但仍反复低热,鼻部脓肿培养及药敏结果:甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球,对利福平敏感(MIC值≤0.5)。利福平血脑屏障穿透性好,对金黄色葡萄球菌有活性,是治疗金黄色葡萄球菌脑膜炎的一个重要选择[14]。结合患儿病原学结果及药物获得性,存在联合使用利福平的依据,D14患儿病情好转。该患儿药敏结果提示病原菌对青霉素酶稳定的青霉素类、头孢类及碳青酶烯类敏感,头孢曲松脑脊液/血药浓度比为10~20%[2],治疗规范及指南中肺炎链球菌、脑膜炎奈瑟菌引起的脑膜炎的标准治疗推荐头孢曲松,在无法及时获得苯唑西林的情况下,能否考虑头孢曲松可作参考。

    万古霉素治疗窗窄,TDM能显著增加临床有效率和降低肾毒性发生率。中国专家共识和欧洲临床微生物学和传染病学会细菌性脑膜炎指南[13,15]中指出,儿童应以15 mg/kg q6 h静脉滴注以达有效浓度。本例患儿按Schwartz公式估算肾小球滤过率为120.94 ml/min·1.73 m2,初始给药剂量符合指南推荐。指南[5, 14]推荐万古霉素有效血药谷浓度应在15~20 μg/ml,而加拿大CPS指南[9]推荐10~15 μg/ml,略低于前者。该患儿首次万古霉素血药谷浓度为34 mg/L高于上限,降低给药剂量后两次复测谷浓度均低于10 μg/ml。一项关于万古霉素间断输注与持续输注比较的Meta分析提出:万古霉素持续输注更易达到目标浓度,并更安全[10]。万古霉素属于时间依赖性抗菌药物,持续静脉输注时,血浆药物浓度可达到良好的药代/药效动力学指标并减少肾毒性风险[16]。建议增加剂量或延长输注时间以保证血药浓度达到目标浓度。临床医师以患儿病情好转并稳定为由未采纳该建议。查询文献发现:部分新生儿/儿童患者稳态谷浓度未达到10 μg/ml时仍有效,而血药浓度增加会带来肾毒性风险,故推荐目标谷浓度为5~15 μg/ml,而对于严重MRSA感染成人患者则推荐10~20 μg/ml,同时万古霉素AUC0~24 h目标范围在400~650 mg·h/L[17]。因此谷浓度偏低于目标浓度但患儿临床表现好转时,不调整给药剂量或方式是否妥当有待商榷。临床治疗时应基于感染部位、感染程度、病原结果等情况综合评估特定患者适宜的谷浓度。

  • 在本例细菌性脑膜炎患儿的治疗过程中,临床药师及时与临床医生沟通,结合指南并参考权威抗感染资料选择初始抗菌药物,根据药敏结果及患者临床表现及时调整抗感染方案。通过监测万古霉素血药浓度,给予使用的相关建议,对临床用药具有实际指导意义。

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